The insulation of fire-resistant alarm cables is crafted from fire-retardant materials, which are chosen for their ability to withstand high heat without igniting. Common insulation materials include low smoke zero halogen (LSZH) compounds or ceramic-coated fibers. These materials are inherently non-combustible or self-extinguishing, which prevents the cable from becoming a potential fuel source for a fire. The LSZH materials also emit minimal smoke when exposed to heat, thus reducing the spread of toxic smoke and enhancing visibility and air quality in case of a fire. The robust insulation prevents the fire from traveling along the cable, helping to localize the source of heat or flame and significantly reducing the risk of further fire spread through the wiring system.

Fire-resistant alarm cables are engineered with materials capable of withstanding extremely high temperatures for extended periods. The high-temperature-resistant polymers used in the insulation and sheath of the cable ensure that it remains intact even under intense heat, such as that generated by an electrical fault or an external fire. In some cases, the cable can endure temperatures of up to 1,000°C (1,832°F), a characteristic crucial for ensuring that the alarm system continues to function in the early stages of a fire. This heat resistance prevents the cable from melting, sagging, or losing its structural integrity, which could otherwise disrupt the operation of the fire alarm system.

One of the key features of fire-resistant alarm cables is their flame-retardant properties. The materials used in the insulation and outer sheath of the cable are treated with chemical additives or manufactured using specialized compounds that slow the spread of flames. These flame-retardant additives work by creating a protective barrier that reduces the heat and flame penetration into the cable’s core. Many fire-resistant alarm cables feature materials that are self-extinguishing, meaning that once the heat source is removed, the cable ceases to burn. This reduces the likelihood of the cable spreading the fire across multiple floors or sections of a building, which is critical in maintaining fire containment during an emergency.

In addition to the internal insulation, fire-resistant alarm cables often feature an outer fire-resistant sheath. This sheath acts as an additional protective layer that shields the core components of the cable from external heat and flames. Constructed from materials with enhanced flame resistance, such as thermoplastic or thermoset polymers, the outer sheath not only prevents the spread of fire but also protects the internal wires and circuits from physical damage during a fire. The sheath's properties help contain any potential fire damage within the immediate vicinity of the cable, preventing it from spreading further through the wiring system.

Fire-resistant alarm cables are also designed to have low smoke emission properties. During a fire, the insulation and other components of the cable produce less smoke compared to conventional cables, which could otherwise obstruct evacuation routes and compromise visibility. This characteristic is particularly important in confined spaces or high-traffic areas where smoke can quickly accumulate. By limiting smoke emissions, fire-resistant alarm cables contribute to safer evacuation conditions, enabling people to escape more easily while maintaining air quality. The reduced smoke output minimizes the risk of inhalation of toxic gases, which can be a significant hazard during a fire.